Contrasting Design Approaches CES/ CAS/ HCAS

96-11-D Contrasting Design Approaches: CES vs. CAS vs. HCAS "Every engineering discipline reflects the nature of the system it seeks to create. As systems become increasingly adaptive, the object of engineering shifts—from components, to ecosystems, to the invisible fields that govern ecosystems." Three Eras of Engineering Engineering has never been static. As the systems humanity builds have grown in scale and complexity, our design philosophy has evolved alongside them.